This pathway did not involve cAMP, Gα s, or Gα i or the participation of the other members of the canonical β 2AR signaling cascade and, therefore, constitutes a novel signaling mechanism for this receptor. Using fluorescence-based Ca 2+ flux assays combined with pharmacology and gene knock-out methods, we discovered a previously unrecognized endogenous pathway in HEK-293 cells whereby β 2AR activation leads to robust Ca 2+ mobilization from intracellular stores via activation of phospholipase C and opening of inositol trisphosphate (InsP 3) receptors. βARs signal through Gα s G-proteins and via activation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but some alternative downstream pathways have also been proposed that could be important for understanding normal physiological functioning of βAR signaling and its disruption in disease. They are the targets of numerous widely used drugs, especially in the case of the most extensively studied βAR, β 2AR, whose ligands are used for asthma and cardiovascular disease. Beta adrenergic receptors (βARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors essential for physiological responses to the hormones/neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine which are found in the nervous system and throughout the body.
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